Microbes can be beneficial in which of the following contexts?

Microbes play a crucial role in the breakdown of organic material in both food products and sewage, making them beneficial in these contexts. For instance, certain bacteria are essential in the fermentation process, which is used in creating a variety of food products such as yogurt, cheese, and fermented vegetables. Additionally, in sewage treatment plants, beneficial microbes help decompose waste, purifying water before it is released back into the environment. This process not only reduces pollution but also recycles nutrients within the ecosystem.

The other options do not reflect beneficial contexts for microbes. Producing harmful toxins is generally associated with pathogenic microorganisms, which have negative health implications. Medical waste disposal typically involves processes to eliminate harmful pathogens rather than relying on beneficial microbes. Therefore, the role of microbes in food production and sewage breakdown highlights their importance in both health and environmental management.